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| Family Background and Attending School |
1866-1893
Dr. Sun-Yat-sen’s childhood name is Dishan, pedigree name is Temin, and Christianity given name is Liunsin. He used the name of Yat-sen for publish when he was adult, and titled himself as a name: Nakayam Sho when he resided abroad in Japan with age of 32 (1897) and later on changed to Nakano. Before Xinhai revolution, everyone call him I-sen, changed to Chung sen (Zhongshan) after the republic was constructed. On Oct. 6, (Lunar calendar), Qing Dynasty Tung chih 5(AD Nov. 12, 1866), Sun was born in Tswei-heng village, Xiangshan County, Guangdong province. The name of His father is Da, Cheng-Kong and mother is Yang, Tai. Tswei originally called Tsaiken, located in Guangzhou and Macao. As the transportation is very convenient, local people contacted with the Western civilization earlier, the more broaden view they had. Further, owing to the inferior weather, the land there is not suitable for cultivation and young person went out for making living. Sun’s father used to work in Macao at the youth age, and Sus’ brother Sun, Mei (Da-Cheng) went to Honolulu at early life. Dr. Sun went to school at his seven years old, finished “The Four Classics and Five Books” reading at 13 years old and followed his mother to Honolulu at 14 years old (1879). This is his first time to contact with the Western civilization, which affected his life most
He had mentioned that” The shape of boat and extensive blue sea I saw, admired the Western culture and imaging the universe unlimitedly”
This self-excavation and awaked to the life contributed him to develop the grand performance in his life. He went to Iolani School of British church after arrived in Honolu for three years, and graduated by extremely outstanding grades. Later on, Sun went to ‘s After entering Aoaho school hosted by American church, only for half, as his brother afraid him to be baptized as Christian. Sun had good English comprehension because of the career as well as understanding with politics and history of the Western country.
After coming back to his hometown, Sun with his friend in the town, LIU,HAO-DONG, destroyed god sculptures in temples for breaking superstitious belief, which makes his townsmen very angry about them, thus he went to Hong Kong.
He entered into Diocesan boys home and transferred to Central school (later changed to Queen’s college)
in Qing Guangxu10 (A.D 1884), the school is the earliest new style school in Hong Kong, it cultivated many talents.
Dr. Sung only studied for 7 months at this school and he went back to his hometown to marry Lu, Mu-Chen as parents’ arrangement. Later, he went to Honolulu to respond to brother’s invitation in Nov. 1884 and went back to Hong Kong in August of the next year and resumed his interrupted studies. Sun decided to study medical science after graduating from this school in summer, and this was an important dividing line for Sun’s study career. He gave up accepting the training of liberal education due to the resolution of meeting with success by medical skill. Sun went to study medical science in the medical center of Boji Hospital Guangdong and acquainted with Cheng, Shin-Liang who was came from his hometown. In the next year, he transferred to college of Medicine for Chinese and graduated with number 1 ranking in Guangxu 18 (A.D 1892). During the period of school, Sun endeavored to study medicines and read classical Chinese scriptures. Further, he made up his mind to preach revolution and had wide circle of acquaintances. Especially, he and his friends were call as four bandits, including Yeung Hok-ling, Chan Siu-bak, Yau Lit, who stayed together all day long and advocated for revolution.
Since grated from College of Medicine for Chinese, Sun went to Macao to take a voluntary doctor in Jinghu Hospital Macao. After that, he set up Anglo-Chinese pharmacy, changed to East-West pharmacy (1893) and covered up the revolution plan by its medical work. Due to Sun’s elevated personality and exquisite medical technician, he acquired high regard from the local residence. Due to the urgent revolutionary plan and difficulty in economics of the pharmacy, Sun suspended the medical business, and devoted himself to revolutionary
Sun had been accepted 10 year western education, in his leisure time, he did not forget to read the classical books of China, formed a new Asia realm with Asian humanistic spirit blended Western democracy and science. Sun’s revolution originate in childhood, he saw some maladies came from many bad customs and habit in his hometown and the inferior local politics. Qing Emperor Guangxu 11 (1885), Sino-French war erupted, Qing Dynasty was won but still humiliate compromise to sign “treaty of Tianjin” and ceded Annan Dist. Because of this event, Sun made up his mind to take the initiative to revolution, overturn Qing Dynasty and construct the republic of China. As Sun had been the independent movement, he has profound realization toward the political opinion of the King Kalakaao” “Hawaii belongs to Hawaiian”. Further, the Western monumental literature or thought theory, for example Darwin’s “Theory of Evolution” and Rousseau’s “Sovereignty of the people” doctrine. Besides, Mies proposed that the political and social revolution. Aldous Huxley ‘s “Evolution and Ethics”, Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom's Cabin and other authors whose economical theory books, all bring about Sun’s other authors whose economical theory books, all give influences on Sun’s social consciousness and resolute determination against to Qing.
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| The above extracted from Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |
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| Establishment of China Revival Society(Hsing Chung Hui) |
*1894-1900
Except absorbed the Western important political and philosophical writing, Sun observed the political development of China and proposal of new policy more intently. Qing Guangxu 17 (1891), Sun issued an article about agriculture and agronomy (agriculture work) (the danger in the Prosperous Time edited by ZHENG, Guan-Ying). Qing Guangxu 20 (1894), there full of tense atmosphere between China and Japan due to the problem of Korea. In the light of the danger of the situation of the country.
Sun and Liu, Hao-dong bounded for the north and proposed a major program to prosper the nation and enriched the people: “to make the best use of men; to make the best use of land to make the best use of everything; to make transportation unobstructed.” To three trading port minister and governor-Lee, Hung-chang, but it was not adopted. Sun stayed in Beiji and investigated what the status of the dynasty.
Then he went to Wuhan Municipality to observe the terrain of Chang Chiang. After going back to Shanghai, Sun left for Honolulu for arranging the revolution organization.
On October 27th (lunar calendar), Qing Guangxu 20(Nov.,24th,1984), Sun and Chinese nationals residing abroad He, Kuanc, Teng, Yin-nan, Li, Chang et al, above 20 members totally set up the United league in Honolulu. The oath of the leagues was ”to expel Manchus, revive Zhonghua, and establish a unified government”, where a starter point of national revolutionary organization in modern China. The time that the first Sino-Japanese war had been erupted, Qing army defeated for many rounds .Beijing and Tianjin were in danger and the corruption of the Qing Dynasty exposed wholly, the highly resentful public emerged. The comrade in Shanghai invited Sun to go back to country, therefore Teng, Yin-nan and Song, Ju-ren went back to the country one after another. Sun conceived that the revolutionary timing had been matured, so he initiated the revolutionary in Hong Kong. Qing Emperor Guangxu 21(1985), the headquarter of the United league under the running of “ Qian Heng company”. The entrants included old comrades and members in Fu jin wen association. On March 16th, a congress was hold for negotiating the military plan of capturing Quangzhou and decided a flag with blue sky and white sun designed to be the revolutionary flag. In October, Society of Agronomy, ie. the Quangzhou branch of the United league, scheduled to staged a uprising on Double Ninth festival, however, the plan fell as the leak of the secret, Lui, Hao-dong et al were arrested and Lui, Hao-dong passed away on Nov.75th, who was the first person sacrificed for the revolution.
After the First Guangzhou uprising, Sun, Chan Siu-bak, and Zheng Shiliang went to Japan, they set up Yokohama branch with local Chinese nationals resided in Japan. The Qing Dynasty signed up Treaty of Shimonoseki with Japan. The two nations reestablished diplomatic relations. Sun cannot process revolutionary activity at that time, thus he cut off braid and changed to wear western cloth. Then he departed forthe journey around the world.
Sun stayed in Honolulu for half year and left for California of the U.S in Guangxu 22, transferred to New York and arrived in the UK. He visited professor James Cantlie in the College of Medicine for Chinese. As the tracks of Sun has been detected, he was induced to be arrested by the Chinese embassy in British on the 11th day after arriving in London. (Oct.11, 1896). After the rescue of professor Cantile and the interference of the ministry of foreign affair of the UK,. Eventually, he was released on 23th, October and arrested for 13 days, which named as “Kidnapped in London” historically and he wrote a book by that title to made a whole description for the matter, which made Sun’s fame spread over Europe and consolidated the position of the revolutionary leader. Sun stayed in London and acquainted with many personages came from variety of country. Further, Sun frequently came to the British museum made a great effort on research and was industrious on study, the system of the three principles of the people was constructed consequently.
July Quangxu 23(1897), Dr. Sun left British and turn back to Yokohama, Japan via Canada in August, except he founded a Anglo-Chinese school at the area, he acquainted with wits and personages in governmental and non-governmental circles, eg., Inukai, Tuyoshi, Touyama, Mitsuru, Miyazaki Tamizo, Miyazaki,Amazo, Yamada,Yoshimasa, Kayano, Nagachika, Hirayama syu , Yamada, Junzo. et al as well as acquired assistances to the Chinese revolutionary party from them, the revolutionary action can be continued to develop consequently. In the end of the year, Sun designated Chen, Shaobai to come to Taiwan and set up Taipei branch of Zhongxi association in Taipei. Quangxu 25(1899), the great world powers rivaled together to carve up Chinese territory. To wake up the Chinese people consciousness, Sun mandated Chen Shao-bai to found “China Daily” newspaper, the first newspaper to preach for revolution.
Qing Guangxu 26 (1900), there occurred Boxer Rebellion in the north, which leaded to” the Eight Power Allied Force” to invade China, Dr.Sun and Miyazaki, Amazo went to Hong Kong, convoked a congress on boat and decieded to initiate the Huizhou uprising. At that time, as there presented non-government status in China, Taiwanese governor Kodama Kentaro was in favor of China revolution. He supported and supplied workers, weapons and ammunitions upon the governor’s approval. Sun set up an institution in Xinchi street,Taipei (around current Cheungsha street) and raised money for the uprising. On 8th October, Cheng, SiRian initiated the uprisng in Shanzhoutian Huizhou while coming upon the period of cabinet reshuffle, The new office assumed president Ito hirobumi changed the strategy toward China, therefore Sun ordered Cheng, Shi-Liang to change dismiss revolutionary army. A Japanese Yamada, Yoshimasa arrested by Qing army while withdrawing as he was unfamiliar to the roads. Yamada was the first brave barrier to be sacrifice who sacrificed for Chinese revolution.
Although the failure result of Huizhou uprising confronted, but the trend of revolution had reached to a turning point, a variety kinds of revolution group consists of domestic men of high aspiration, overseas Chinese residences and Chinese student studied abroad as well as found and promote the periodicals of revolution. Before Quangxu 26 (1900), Xinzhong association is the only revolutionary group. After 1900, no matter the academic circle of Chinese students in Japan, Quangdong, After 1900, no matter the academic circle of Chinese students in Japan, Quangdong, Yunnan all exploded with revolutionary fire, with highly promising development of the revolutionary wave.
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| The above extracted from Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |
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| Establishment of China United League |
*1900-1906
After the failure of Huizhou uprising in 1900, Dr. Sun went to Tokyo from Taipei. The important cadres passed away one after another or withdrew by the frustrations. On 28th October 1900, Shi, Jian-ru schemed to bomb the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi De, Shou, but he was arrested with a failure in the end. Further, on August 27, 1901, Cheng, Shi-Liang died in Honkong by disease. On January 28, 1903, Hong, Quanfu staged an uprising in Quangzhou, but turned out to be a defeat finally and XIE, Zuan-Tai withdrew as disappointed, while the revolution tide did not suppress and conversely revolution wave had been brought into epoch of early prosperousness. Sun observed the trend of the times, and he believed that the dark will be fade out and the dawn was going to be emerged, it was necessary that keeping struggling forward with the best endeavor and appealed Chinese who resided abroad and students who studied abroad to join the revolutionary together for constituting big revolutionary group with complete elaborated plan.
In 1903, the revolutionary trend of thoughts received tremendous feedbacks and responses Chinese students who studied in Tokyo, their resentment against Russian and Manchu were upsurging day by day, Dr.Sun rushed about from Annan to Siam and went back to Japan after August. Feng, Ziyu, Fu-Yishan, Liao, Chungchi, Ma, Zyuwu et al frequently visited Dr Sun at his apartment and discussed about revolutions, and acquainted with many comrades
In September, Dr. Sun left Japan again for another time of the world journey. The first station is Hawaii, arrived in Honolulu in October, his tasks at this time are not only to develop the revolution organization, but also to expel the force of “the royal party”. Before that, four years ago then and Quangxu 25(1899), while Dr. Sun was staying in Hawaii, Liang Qichao attended an activity held by Dr. Sun, Sun undoubtedly gave him a warm welcome as important guest. However, Liang advocated the thought of “named as royal party while revolutionary indeed”, which caused the origin place of Xingzhong association to be the base of the royal party. In 1903, Dr. Sun came to Honolulu and initiated a battle to the royal party, which drew a clear line of demarcation between revolution and royal party. The next year (1904), in order to the consolidation on the force of revolution, Sun entered Hong Menchi public hall. In April, he stayed in California above two months. During this period, Sun used to borrow money for publishing “revolutionary army” written by ZouRon for 100 thousand volumes, and he sent out to the Southeast Asia and every regions in America for an extensive promotion. Further, he reformed the party newspaper and reregulated clauses of public hall to meet with the objectives of revolution. Sun acquainted with a American militarist Homali via the introduction of Huang,Shante the president in public hall, Homali used to assist with the royal party, however he was in charge of a military consultant of Dr.Sun’s revolutionary party and supported his revolutionary activity.
In order to let the world to understand China more, Sun in 1904 published a book “the real solutions for Chinese problem” in New York, this is the first time that Sun announced an external declaration, it stressed the progress of revolution in China, which leads the world in peace and “the yellow peril” will turn to “the yellow fortune” in the book. In April1950, Sun was sponsored by the Chinese students studied in Europe and advocated revolutions to the Chinese students studied in the UK , Germany, France, and Belgium(started from the UK) , recruited members of them and promoted the tactics of revolutions as well as discussed the construction in China and explained the true meaning of the three principles of the people, five powers of constitution and equalize land ownership and decided to make reformation on the party. In June, Sun headed for Tokyo, Japan from Marseille, France, and arrived in Singapore in July, and met with the host Chang,Yuanfu and the editor Yulien from the Tunan morning newspaper, the first newspaper to anti Qing dynasty in the Southeast Asia.
On July 19, Sun arrived in Yokohama, as the most of local Chinese students studied in Japan tended to support revolution, and the most part of members in Hwashin association and Revival association died in Japan, therefore they consolidated together for revolutions. On August 20, Chinese United league was officially established in Tokyo and Sun was promoted to be the president of the league. In November, the newspaper of the Unites leagues-People’s journal was published in Tokyo. Sun formally promoted the three principles of as the objectives of the revolutions and the impetus of the revolution aroused highly. Till the next year (1906) ,members of the United league almost reached to one thousand people, almost superior personages, for example, Huang, Xin, Tsai, Yuanbei, Hu, Hanmin, Chung, Binlin, Song, Zhanen, Chen,Tenwa et al.
The vow of the United league is “to expel the Tatar barbarians, to revive Zhonghua, to establish a Republic, and to distribute land equally among the people." which completely embodies the whole system of three principle of the people; meanwhile, they established the title of the Republic of China. After the league was set up, he commented that” I started to believe that the great revolution cause can be accomplished by ourselves” In winter of the year, he concluded and issued “the revolutionary tactics of Chinese alliance (the United league)”, which divided the procedure of revolution into three phase:”Military law” ,” political tutelage”, constitutional rule” Dr. Sun started at the ports of Southeast Asia and appealed the support to revolution from the Chinese resided abroad and set up branches of the United leagues in Ipoh, Kuala Lumpur, Penang (Pulau Pinang) etc.
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| The above extracted from Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |
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| Revolutionary uprising with persistent efforts |
*1907-1911
The six years of period since the establishment of the United league(1905) to Xinhai Wuchan Revolution(1911),the uprising movement launched on and on The phenomenon of uprisings initiated and untiring efforts made by the comrades, accomplished the most resplendent page of history.
The most eminent figures in respective assassination activities are: Quangxu 31(1905) the event of bombing Qing Dynasty “five courtiers” from WU, Yue-Mou , Quangxu 33(1907), the event for Liu, Sifu scheming to bomb Li, Jun Shantong 2(1910) The event for XIONG, Cheng-Ji scheming to explode Tai, Zun, the same year, the event for WANG, Zhao-Ming and Huang Fu-shen scheming to assassinate the regent king: Tai Li, the next year(1911),the event for Wen-Shensai scheming to assassinate Fu-Chi, and the same year, the event for Lin-Kuanzi and Chen Chinyuan scheming to bomb Li, Jun. These activities almost fell except for the event on Wen-Shensai scheming to assassinate Fu-Chi. The uprisings initiated from The members of the United league or members in other groups included Quangxu 32(1906), launched from the partisan Wei, Zongxuan, it went through for over 40 days and affected over 10 counties in two provinces, called as Ping-Liu-li uprising.
One of leaders in anti-Qing revolutionary party, Xu, Xilin sacrificed his life tragically in Anqing uprising, which initiated in Sichuan for assassinating En, Ming. 8 days later, a member of the United league as wellas the leader of anti-Qing revolutionary party-female chivalry-Chiu, Jin, composed anti-Qing army to staged uprising in Shaoxing Datong School and was arrested then and sacrifice her life heroically for revolution, called as Sichuan Battle. During the period of 1907 to 1909, the members in the United leagues launched uprisings for five times, named as ”Si-chuan battles”, ended up with all failures, some were passed away, while some were arrested. In Qing Guangxu 34(1908), a young commissioned officier, Ziong, Chengji leaded a part of new army to uprise in Anchin and turned out to fell.The same year, Zou, Lu in the United league staged Guangdong Fanyin battle(ie,”Bayapiao affair”), Zou, Lu run away to Hong Kong after a failure and many members were die or imprisoned.
Dr. Sun was commanded to leave Japan in March 1907, therefore he leaed Huang, Xing, and Hu, Hanmin to the Southeast Asia and set up an institution in Hanoi. Sun staged revolutions for six times within two years directly. On May 22th 1907,Sun commanded Yuchou to stage uprising in Huang Gong Zhaozhou, “Huang Gong uprising” for six days and ended up with a breakdown. On June 2, Sun ordered Teng,Ziyu launched a uprising at seven female lake in Huizhou,going through 10 days and fell ultimately, named as Huizhou Seven female lake uprising. Later, Sun designated Wang, Huoshun staged a uprising in Wangguan mountain in Cingchow and made breakthrough the guarded wall and so on successively for ten days, but fell in the end, which called as “Chingchow uprising”. Later, On 1st December, Sun ordered Ming, Tang to launched a uprising in Zhennan Quan and Sun came to the spot and conducted in person, the uprising last for seven days, withdrew lastly due to the lack of munitions, which called as Zhennan Quan uprising. Furthermore, On March 27th1908, Sun mandated Huang, Xin to lead revolutionary army to assault Chingchow from Annan, titled wit ”Jinrein Shansi uprising”. On April 29, Huang, Mingtang staged a uprising in Hekow, Yunnan as Hekow Uprsing”. After the Zhennan Quan uprising, Sun was impelled to leave Hanoi from the order of the French governor in Annan. Thus, Sun headed for Singapore and stayed in Wanqing garden arranged by Chuang, Yofu and Chen, Chunan, all important personages came to this garden. Thus, the headquarter for guiding the revolutions was transferred to the place from then on. In October 1908, Sun and Hu, Hanmin ruseh about the ports of Siam, Malaysia and so on for progating revolution and raising money. In May Xuantong 1(1909) , Sun departed for the U.S via Europe for the fouth time of the world journey and set up many branches of the United league. The next year (1910), Ni, Ying-Dian and Zhao, Sheng engineered the Quangzhou new army successfully, therefore they staged a new army uprsing in February. However, confronted with a failure due to the lack of assistances and supports, Ni, Ying-Dian passed away in the end and titled as “Gengxu New Army Uprising” historically and this is the ninth uprising with nine failures, leaded by Dr. Sun Yat-sen.
The failure of new army uprising in Guangzhou and Wang, Zhaoming engineered to bomb Dai, Li in April with a failure in the end, the revolutionary morale was affected considerably. In July 1910, Sun arrived in Penang for rectifying the party affairs and convened “Penang conference” and a resolution was reached, that is, to launch a big uprising in Guangzhou and set up a overall switchboard center, the attendants of the conference included Huang, Xing, Hu, Hanmin, Zhao, Sheng, Hsun, Techang, and Dent, Zeru et al, Sun encouraged comrades to be indomitable and never yield in spite of all reverses. Therefore the revolution morale braced up again.
In 1911, the revolution party planned to attack Guangzhou via 10 road and scheduled on March 25, but changed date as insufficient armaments. A member of the party: Wen, Sentsai attacked and killed Fu, chi due to his personal righteous indignation, therefore the Qing dynasty was to be on alert and partisans fell to response simultaneously.
On March 29, Huang Xing assaulted governance office of Guangdong and Guangxi seventy by himself, fighting for one day and night, and it fell in the end and fought for one day. The casualty of partisans were buried the outskirt Huanghuagang of Quangzhou. As names of 72 persons could be recognized, called as seventy-two martyrs of the Huanghuagang uprising, historically named as the 329 Xinhai Guangzhou battle. In spite of the breakdown of the battle, elites in the party were almost passed away. Nevertheless, their earthshaking spirits spread out over the world and the tide of revolution was uprising.
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| The above extracted from Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |
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| Dictatorship overturned by Wuchang uprising |
*1911
Although the failure confronted in 329 battle, Sun recorded” the battle was full of martyrs’ bloods, the noble spirits were dispersed, even grass and tree felt sorrow as well as the cloud and wind changed color for it, the whole nation was encouraged extremely. Accumulate discontent and indignation, just like violent wave, cannot be restrained, the Wuchan uprising accomplished no over 6 months, nevertheless, its value startled the value and moved the god, keeping pace with Wuchan revolution.” on the condensed preface of the brief biography for 72 martyrs of the Huanguagan uprising. He reckoned that the battle affected the world and overseas Chinese residence to a deep degree.
Why the big revolution turned to fell in the end? The main cause is the difficulty in expenditure. Contributors who used to donated run out of their money-Hsun, Techang, Chen, Chunan, and Chang, Yongfu et al. Dr. Sun had to seek for the source of expenditure. After 329 battle, Sun arrived in San Francisco in June 1911 for arranging the cooperation between the Untied leagues and Zu public hall. In the last third part of July, Sun set up Hong Men funds raising office ( changed to Nation relief bureau later) on the 2nd floor in Zu public hall.Dr. Sun regulated the constitutions for explaining the aims of revolution and then Zhang, Aiyun followed with Sun went to each port in the south and north in the US for raising money and the abundant harvest achieved.
Xuantong 3 (A.D. 1911) , as Qing dynasty proposed that the railways should be restored as national property, there occurred the a wave of unrest from the movement of protecting railway, especially circumstances in Sichuan was expanding.Song,Jiaoren,Tan,Renfong and Chen,Chimei et al organized the northern headquarter of Chinese United league in Shanghai and centered on the Hubei area for engineering Chang-Chiang basin revolution.
In addition, the failure of the petition as well as disappointment toward imperial lineage and cabinet from constitutionalists, they turned to approve of revolutionary, caused nation-wide disturbance. Especially people who resided in Chang-Chiang basin provinces possess a more prosper economics and education, who attended to be a revolutionist more. Besides, there were many revolutionary groups emerged in the military team, principally, it has co-progressive society, Progressive Association literary society, and intending university preparation society, and converted the direction of the movement with new army.
On lunar calendar August 19th ( October 10th1911),the revolutionary initiated a uprising in Wuchan, the general representative of construction camp in co-progressive society, Zhong, Binkeong
Launched with a rock-shattering and heaven-shaking shot; construction camp occupies the ordnance depot of Wuhan army at the first, while artillery camp attacked the viceroy government office., the governor Rui, Cheng and new army controller Chang, Biao run away, the revolutionary army had completely control Wuchan till the midday of the same day. The immediate feedbacks and response from each troop of Wuchan new army, the three towns in Wuhan had been restored within 3 days. As the revolutionary armies were convened by the name of Dr. Sun and elected Li, Yuanghong as the governor of “Military and Civil Governors of Hubei Province” and published formerly to stabilize the upset feelings of the citizenry and the consul circle of each country in Hanko instantly admitted the two parties is the engagement parties and announced to be a neutral position. Dr. Sun was propagating revolution and raising expenditure then, after confirming Wuhan was restored, he met with secretary of state but he was refused. Later, Sun flew to London and seeking for the diplomatic assistances. Sun conceived that it was necessary to restrain the interference of Japanese government for ensuring no obstruction to China revolution under the national condition at that time and the only stopper is the UK. Therefore, Sun did not went back home directly after Wuchan uprising and flew to the UK instead, aiming at striving for the compassion from national society to China revolution and cut off the external support to Qing dynasty.
Wuchan uprising (or called as”first Wuchan battle”) is a outset of Xinhai revolution. After the uprising for two months, there are 15 out of 22 provinces werer restored one after another, and still governed by Qing dynasty are seven provinces as follows: Municipality, Henan, Kansu, Shandong, Xinjiang, Jilin, Heilongjiang. As the seed of revolution was sowed in the heart of the nation to be inspired to overturn the autocracy of Qing dynasty, which resulted in irresistible revolution trend. On December 25, Sun arrived in Shanghai from France, the revolutionary military system was generalized all over the nation, therefore Qing 267 imperial dynasty had been collapsed completely. Each provinces restoration was rapid and wide-spread, which was an exceptional case in the world. Thus, Xinhai revolution was not only a epoch-making big event, but also a big affair in the world history.
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| The above extracted from Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |
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| The republic of China established and Principle advocated |
*1912~1913
In December 1911,Dr.Sun leaded Hu, Hanmin and military coulstant Homali to arrive in Shanghai and accepted a warm welcome from each circle and the important Cadre-Huang, Xing and Chen, Chimei. It had been approved to adopt “The Organizational Outline for the Provisional Government of the Republic of China” by each delegates of each province and Sun convened a congress to negotiate about the affair to organize provisional government. On 27th, Huang, Xin and Song, Jiaoren went to Nanaji to have meeting with the delegates from each province and Huang, Xin proposed that it should adopt the solar calendar and name the Republic of China as an epoch, which obtained approval. On 29th, it operated as a secret ballot by the delegates of each province to elect Dr. Sun as “the first provisional president of the Republic of China”, the result of election was reported to Dr. Sun by telegram and announced to each of the province. On January 1 ,the Republic 1 (1912), Dr. Sun made a vow and took up the post in Nanjing and he formulated “Amendment of the Organizational Outline for the Provisional Government of the Republic of China” to organize provisional government.
From then on, the Chinese history had stepped into a new era of democratic republicanism officially and Sun’s advocacy on the revolution to construct the Republic was eventually realized.
On January 28, the same year, it set up the Senate and elected Lin, Sen as the president of legislator as well as Chen, Taoyi as vice president. When Dr. Sun was elected to be a president of the Republic, the cabinet of Qing Dynasty-Yuan-Shikai and each of revolutionary delegate of each province were proceeding to negotiate peace, which anticipated to finish the governor of Qing dynasty in a peace way. On December 12th, the emperor of Qing Dynasty Puyi announced abdication decree, which stands for the former establishment of the democratic regime of the Republic of China. The nationality revolution was finally completed. The next day, Sun resigned the post of president with the thinking of overall situation and extensive bearing. Then he recommended Yuan, Shikai to be the representative. On 14th, the resolution had been adopt that Yuan, Shi kai to be the provincial president and set up provincial government in Beijin. On 15th, Sun still hosted a ceremony in Nanjin as celebration and leaded civil official and military official to offered sacrifice to ancestors that the nation had been restored. On March 8, “Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China” had been formulated and revised. On 11th,President Sun published to the whole nation and on 4th, Sun officially resigned the “The first term of provisional president of the republic of China” and announced the resignation rhetoric” my resignation is not about to achieve success and withdraw, actually I would like to be a post of the people and cooperate with fellow citizens to consolidate the foundation of the Republic of China and hoping to reach the world peace one day”
After the resignation the post of provisional president, Sun visited Shanghai, Wuhan, Fukien, Quangtong and Beijing and made speeches for 30 times during this period of above four months. The main subject was to introduce the theory and practical methods of the three principles of the people. After Yuan-Shikai took up the post of president, Song, Jiaoren, the member of the United league, united other party in the Senate to compose The Kuomintang (Chinese Nationality party) and Sun was elected as the president of council and Song, Chiaren was in charge of practical party affairs. Later, Sun delegated Song as an acting official of the president of council.
As Sun had completed the aspiration:” To expel Tartar and abolish Qing dynasty, and construct the Republic of China “, he resigned joyfully. However, on the concern of enriching people and strengthening nation, Dr. Sun sill accepted the designation to be in charge of with the construction of national railway with pleasure. After accepting the designation, Sun headed for Taiyuan from Beijin and investigated Zentai railway and went around to inspect Beinin Railway and Shanhaiquan. Later, he bounded Jinan in order to make an inspection on Jinpu railway. Continuously, sun went to Chindou for inspecting Jiaoji railway. As Sun deemed that transportation is the mother of industry, he toiled day and night and endured the painstaking. And then railway is the mother of transportation. Sun stated that “had made a primary principle for railway plan, since the approval of Sichuan , Yunnan , Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, they can be constructed first.
200 thousand mile of railway all belong to the national property during 10 years”, on a special column on foreign newspaper. On 14th, Dr Sun set up headquarter of China railway in Shanghai, on February the Republic 2(1913), Sun crossed to Japan, in order to investigate the industrial and commercial business of Nagasaki, Tokyo, Yokohama, Oosaka, and Kobei. Besides, Sun contacted with notables in government, non-government field, as well as industrials for seeking assistances and opinion on the railway strategy of China.
As for the construction fee of railway, Sun proposed to made international loans and argued that to use “Numismatic revolution” to compensate for the exhaustion of national finance. At that time, Russia instigated Outer Mongolia to be independence while confronting finance panic and under planning the construction.
It was a conspiracy to occupation actually. Sun issued a standpoint that paper currency should be piece, and depreciate golden as well as sliver as goods for saving the financial predicament.
Dr. Sun was a giant who possessed profound knowledge and penetrating insight as well as broaden and long-term view, however, the Beiji government rejected Dr. Sun’ project about railway and announced to a cancellation on railway construction.
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| The above extracted from Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |
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| The secondary revolutionary and Anti-Yuan& Republic-defence |
*1913-1918
After Sun abdicating the position to Yuan, shikai, Yuan manipulated cabinet for his own conspiracy, which caused unreliability of the senators and it made empty promises in the responsible cabinet institution. However, as the powers of Yuan
was not sufficient, he only can control secretly instead of being an enemy to the United league in public. Therefore, he insisted on invited Sun and Huang, Xin to bound for the north for consulting about the national affairs.
In March the Republic 2(1913), the outcome of election in congress had been published, Kuomintang took priority in the Senate and the Chamber of deputies. Song Chiaren made a speech tour from Hunan to Wulin and transferred to Shanhai via Anchin and Nanjin, he criticized the current political state and argued that the coming official cabinet shall be consisted of the major party. Beiyan warlord with bureaucracy was unwilling to see the constitutional politics under a proper course and Yuan was afraid of Song forming cabinet as well as jealous that Song may make allegiance to Li, Yuanho as president. On March 20th, Song, Jiaoren and a legislator bounded for the north from Shanghai, Song was assassinated by an assassinator and passed away on 22th, which resulted in the public voice in commotion nationally for a period of time.
Sun was astonished to hear this bad news, sorrowful and mourning attack to him, 23th of the same month, he went back and on 25th ,he arrived in Shanghai and claimed for “investigate the true and reverse the public indignation” by a joint telegram with Huang, Xin. However, Yuan seemed not afraid of this and accepted a severe condition to make loan from the bank groups consisted of British, America, France, Germany and Japan. The rebellion behavior of Yuan was revealing day by day, and Ku argued that it is a right time to convene military to execute expedition as Yuan was not ready for rebellion. But only Dai, Zhuanxian agreed with his view, While Huangxin set his face against the opinion and proposed it should be resolved by law manner.
As the disapproval on loan and contract from the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies by vote, the governor of Chiangxi-Li, Liejun, Anhui governor-Bo, Wenwei, Guangdong governor-Hu, Hanmin and Hunan governor Tan, Yanwen all express opposition stance by telegram toward this motion. Yuan dismissed the governor post from Li, Hu, and Bo. On July 12, Li, Liejun staged army to execute expedition on Yuan, in Hukoe Chiangnan, as well as it initiated anti-Yuan army in Nanjin, Anqing, Shanhai, Goungzhou, Fujian, Hunan, Chungking one after another, however, the crucial point was lacking, which leaded to the failures occurred successively for 2 months, which was called “the secondary revolutionary”.
At the time of July 15, Nanjin uprising to go on a punitive expedition on Yuan, Sun cannot conduct the military affairs directly. Later on, due to the failure ,he went Guangtong, Japan and stopped by Taipei (Meiwu house) (Dr. Sun Yat-Sen Memorial House) for a while and transferred to Tokyo via Kobei for schemed the strategy to go on expedition on Yuan. Yuan, Shikai slaughtered and arrested legislator of Kumintang ,and gave an order to dismiss Kumintang on November 4th.On 10th January the Republic 3, he dismissed congress and his monocracy to cast shadow over everyone’s heart in nation and most of the leaders of revolutionary party took refuge to overseas.
Dr. Sun cannot bear to see the Republic constructed with sweat and toil destroyed by the hand of Yuan, therefore, he assembled comrades to reorganize the party started with the very beginning. On June 23th the Republic 3, Sun convened an election congress and everyone supported Sun as the president, on July 8th,”Chinese revolutionary party” was formerly established and went to the expedition on Yuan domestically or overseas. Besides, Sun regulated a “revolution tactics”, it mentioned that “the Republic shall take the flag with blue sky and white sun as national flag” on a chapter of “flag and uniform”
As the ambitions of Yuan, Shikai being an emperor exposed increasingly, in January the Republic 4 (1915), Japan proposed 21 clause to Yuan and forced to acquire a variety of privileges on politics, economics, and military and commerce, as well as allow Japanese live in China freely. On May 9th, unexpectedly, Yuan yielded and committed to this clause, it was a humiliation to China, which called as “Wu-jiu National Humiliation”. In August, Yuan instigated shameless politicians and betrayal revolutionary party-Yang, Du to organize “the best wishes meeting” in public. Sun argued to launch a punitive expedition, therefore, he assembled Chen, Chimei to come to Tokyo for negotiation on the polices. On December 5th,the same year, Chen, Chimei staged Warship uprising in Shanghai, and on 25th the same month, Tang, Ji-yao, Tsai, E, Li, Lie-jun composed “National protection army” in Yunnan to launch a punitive expedition on Yuan. In March the next year (1916), Ji, Chenswo composed Chinese Northeastern national army to staged army in Sadon. Further, Chu, Chinhsin engineered the uprising in Guangdong. Sun turned back to Shanghai from Japan in the end of April, and conducted the anti- Yuan activities in each place. As Chen, Chimei was the most opposite to Yuan, he was assassinated and passed away in Shanghai by an assassinator dispatched by Yuan, Sun felt deeply sorrowful to this incidence .
Under the high voice of anti-Yuan, he died with melancholy resulted from shame and indignation. Sun published immediate with “to abide by provisional constitution as well as to respect institution of Public opinion.” ,In the end of the month, Li, Yuanhong succeeded to the office as president and issued Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China and restore the congress. As the Chinese revolutionary party fell to defend the Republic, Sun gave an order to revolutionary army to cease the battle and suspend dispatching troop. By the treat of Chang, Hsun, Li, Yuanhong fell to obey the provisional constitution and commanded to dismiss the congress on June 13th, the Repulbic 6 (1917) and on July 1st , Chang, Hsun support the emperor of Qing dynasty –Pu-yi to restore his emperor post, Sun went to Guangtong from Shanghai in July and convened an extraordinary session in the congress in August, and made a resolution to build up military government by “the Organizational Outline of the Provisional Government of the republic of China”.
Sun was elected as generalissimo on September 1st and executed the Republic defence and expedition task on 10th. Duan, Jirui dominated the Beiyan government and staged military to encroach, thus Sun gave an order to bound for the north to expedition, which was the prologue of “Republic defend battle”. Later, as they subject to Guangxi warlord faction, in May the Republic 7(1918), the military government had been changed to 7 president system and elected Tsen, Chunxuan as the chairman, and issued to suspend dispatching troop by telegram. Dr.Sun conceived that the spirit of Republic defend was lost, thus he resigned from the post of generalissimo and made up his mind to engage in writing to inspire and instruct the people. Important writings of Dr. Sun:” Sun Wen Theory”, ”The International Development of China”, “Implement rule of Local Self-Government” within two years.
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| The above extracted from Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |
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| Party reformation and the north expedition |
1919~1922
On May 4, 1919, Dr. Sun was writing academic work, but there erupted a Patriotic Movement of the May fourth Movement by young student. On Jan., the same year, Europe peace conference will be hold in Paris after the end of the first world war. China is a winner nation, but it was treated unequally by the big powers. Further, it accommodated itself to the request of Japan on the “treaty of Paris” and transfer all the rights that Germany obtained by Unequal Treaty to Japan. The news has been through spread out, people are all feel resentful, students in Bejing hell parade with a slogan” Anti-evey big powers outside and expel traitor inside” After TSAO, RU-LIN’s house was destroyed, many students were arrested and operation suspension of merchants and worker expressed their support on Bejing students. The arrested students were released and the China representative who attended in Paris peace conference were afraid to sign this.
As most of the students who participated in the cultural movement are responding and preacher, therefore Dr. Sun name it as “New culture movement”. With this trend, the Chinese revolutionary party aggressively to enforce the work of the party affaicr and reform it as “The Chinese National party”
In 1910, Dr Sun commented the Guangxi warlord about :occupied Cuangzou “ Utilizing the name of republic defence to harm the public actually” June, 3, Dr. Sun consolidated with TANG,SHAO-YI WU,TING-FANG TANG,JI-YAO to publish expedition declaration and overturn the position of Guangzhou military government. As Dr. Sun thought that only overturn the Guangxi soldier and the military government hell by CHEN,JIONG-MING and Lu, Ron-Ting for achieving the purpose of nationalist revolution. Therefore, in December, 1919, he contacted with the military leaders of Funnan Fubei ,Sichuan, and Guangdong to push them to execute expedition on Guangxi.
The most powerful Gunagdong military that encamped in Mingnan-CHEN,JIONG-MING army which Dr. Sun most replied on, in August 1910, Chen lead the Guandogn army to execute expedition in Zhang Zhou and unfortunately, ZHU,ZHI-XIN passed by in FUMEN, Dr. Sun was so grieve and shocked. In the end of December, Dr. Sun led TANG, SHAO-YI WU,TING-FANG from Shanhai to Qunagdong, they reconvened a political affair congress to restore military and extraordinary congress. April, 1921, it decided to a resolution to abolish military government for accommodating with the current trend, therefore, the formal government is established and on 7th, Organizational outlet of the republic of China was decided by vote.
They seleceted Dr. Sun as extraordinary president. On 5th of May, Dr Sun is assumed office in Guanyi-shan and designated every ministers to announce declaration and determine which date to go Northern expedition, for continuing doing republic defence, which was the second time of
In 1911, the republic of China just established by the extraordinary congress, the primary task is to unify and reform China. After Dr. Sun assumed office as extra president. As the northern government HSU, SHIH-CHANG was not beneficial to the republic of China, it sent a telegram to inform “please abdicate from the position for thank for national. Hsu did not promise and consolidate with Guangxi warlord
To attack Guangdong arym. Dr. Sun immediately contacted each route of army to attack GuangXi, the status was settle up and continued with Northern expedition.
In the end of the year, Dr. Sun arrived in Guanglin society and made speeches “ Military spiritual education”. On the other hand, the communist international
representative Malin also went to Guanglin to meet Dr. Sun. for inquiry about the foundation of China revolution.” China is a legitimism with decent moral, from Yao,Shun, Yu, Tang ,Wen, wu, CHOU,GONG to Confucius. My thought is base on the decent moral and thoughts and to be enhanced and glorified it.”
In May, 1922, Dr. Sun arrived in Shaoguan for monitoring northern expedition and entering to Gannan area. However, CHEN, JIONG-MING held the real power of Guangdong on his hand and repelled Dr. Sun as a conspiracy and colluded with Wu-Pe-fu. On June 16, the army launched out to the Presidential palace in Guanyinshan and Dr. Sun telegram to Chiang, Kai-shek to go here to help with him and flew to northern expedition army to join the battle, meanwhile, he led the navy to launch firecracker to the rebel army. On 23th, Dr. Sun camped in Yong Feng vessel and kept facing off the rebel army. Until the northern army lost their camping sites before and after, and retreated from the front, and then came back to Shanghai. The armies from every route kept on attacking Chen Army. In October, Dr. Sun designated HU,Chong-Zhi et al to go to Gunagdong and compose of the Eastern route army. Further, he instructed ZOU, Lu to compose of the Western route army to attack the traitor, eventually, Gunanzhou was restored on Jan. 16, 1923.
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| The contents and pictures above extracted from Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |
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| Revolutionary re-uprising |
*1923-1924
In 1922, Dr. Sun escaped from the danger and back to Shanghai, immediately reviewing the reasons why revolution failed and the caused a serious rebel in the interior, which manifested that the organization, training, discipline and promotion to be improved and the revolutionary army has no idea about Three Principles of the People. In Jan. 1, 1923, it published ““Improvement declaration of the Chinese Nationality Party communist “to declare “taking Three Principles of the People as the basis of national as well as “Five-Power Constitution is the guiding principle “ and it pointed out the present revolutions were “The national revolution” which base on the nation.
At the advancing the improvement of the party affair, meanwhile, Dr. Sun was observing the overseas and domestic circumstances, after a deliberate consideration, for accelerating the isolation situation of China, that facilitated the national revolution could accomplished sooner. Dr Sun agreed with the Soviet representative to have a meeting for consultation and cooperation and allowed the China communist party member to join into the China national party as an individual, this was so called “alliance with the Soviets, admission of the communists”. On Jan. 29, 1923, the Soviet Russia representative Yeng, Fei announced “Joint declaration of Sun & the Soviets”, which stressed that “the Communism and Sovietism cannot be introduced into China” and “if the communist member disagreed with what Chinese nationalist party are doing, I will fire them and if the Soviet cover up the communist party, I will againt the Soviet” as an advancement announcement.
For saving the country and surivival , in Jan. 26, 1923, Dr. Sun published a “Peace & unification declaration” to ask for unification, ZHI,FENG HUAN,XI-NA factions were temporarily marked on the land and circled with boundary for self-guarding and decided to infringe on one another and cut the soldiers for releasing peacefully unifying. In February, Dr Sun led Tan, Dou bounded for Koungzhou from Shanghai and successively executed generalissimo post to command each army, on 24th ,he announced a cut soldier telegram to declare the necessity of peace and unification, DUAN,QI-RUI , CHANG,ZUO-LIN , LU,YONG-XIANG, LI,YUAN-HONG reply to approve with Dr. Sun by telegram the front and rear. In order to live together with the northern peacefully, On March 2th, Dr. Sun did not restore the position of extraordinary president while the big camped was setting up. Continuously used the name of generalissimo and designated Chiang, Kai-shek to be the chief of the camp staff, On 9th ,October, TSAO,KUN get elected by bribery, and Dr. Sun execute expedition on him in summer and promulgate an order for the arrest of councillors and on 10th , the president position of TSAO,KUN was denied.
Under the emergent military affair, Dr. Sun did not forget to improve the affair insides the party, on Jan. 20, 1924, the Chinese nationalist party hold the first National Representatives Congress in Guangzhou and Dr. Sun attended as the president to host the opening of ceremony, the procedure of the congress had gone through general ruledeclaration selection for the executive committee the supervisory committee, and to ensure the goals and procedures of constructing national by revolution, which were based on the philosophy of Three Principles of the People and Five-Power Constitution and followed by the sequence of Military rule, political tutelage, constitutional government, from county to province and to the whole nation, to realizing the national development of the republic of China.
Facing with the toilsome occasion, Dr. Sun started to propagate three Principles of the People actively, From Jan. 27 to Aug. 24, 1924, he had made the system speech of Three Principles of the People for 16 times in the auditorium of Guangdong Advanced Teachers' School.
After the Chinese nationalist party was reformed, in the opinion of Dr. Sun, to determine whether a nation construction with revolution was successful or no, it shall build up army for nation construction. Besides, it needs to train the sound cadre talent members in order to train an excellent army. Before the reformation of the Chinese nationalist party, there is no real revolutionary army, to clear up the power of warlord fraction and for the future national deconstruction huge undertaking, Dr. Sun had decided to build up the national revolutionary army officer school in the temporary committee conference on 1923, officer school, and Jun. 16, 1924, “Whampoa Military Academy” was formerly established term inauguration ceremony, Hu, Han-mine read out the Written demonition conferred by Dr. Sun.” Three Principles of the People, is the philosophy of our party, to establish the republic and realize union world. Many our martyrs, fight for our people, never slacken from day and night, we take Three Principles as the highest principle, we will keep hard going with brave, faith and loyal, morality and concentration until we accomplish it.
Later on, the northern has been completed, and national government recorded music scores on the words and formulated it as the national song of the republic of China.
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| The contents and pictures above extracted from Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |
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| Bounding for the north and Pass away |
1924-1925
Since Dr Sun established the Guangzhou camp in 1923, the revolutionary environment was very bad. The area of east river was occupied by CHEN, JIONG-MING, while the South route was took force by DENG, Ben-Yin. As for the Yunnan army for YANG, Xi-Min and Quilin army for LIU, Zhen-Huan had performed meritorious service to expel Chen. Chen overrun in Quangzhou and collected wealth illegally or unfairly to the citizen. Some of merchants shifted their angers to revolutionary, and the grand British empire was jealous of the close relation to Soviet Russia. In Aug. 1924, CHEN, Lian-Bo composed of Merchant group and provided a large quantity of armaments, trying to use armed force to overturn. The revolutionary army was fighting on front, Guangzhou guarded and maintained only by Whampoa Military Academy, Dr. Sun was extremely benevolent and tolerating with the merchant group .However, they did not change their mind at all, therefore Principle Chiang was ordered to lead students to clear up.
As the ZHI faction warlord assumed president by election bribery and the same fraction Wu, Pei-Fu, whose powers was increased day by day. And collude with CHEN, JIONG-MING to attack Quangdong. Except for attacking to the CHEN, JIONG-MING, Dr. Sun went to Shoquan in person, in Sep., 1924, for monitoring the whole state of affairs and announced “Northern expedition declaration “and led army on the second tiem. On October, the northern FENG, YU-XIANG, HU, JING-YI, SUN, YUE-LIAN launched Peking Coup in alliance and they overturned TSAO, Kun eventually. On the other hand, Wu, Pei-fu’s regime was collapsed within one night. FENG, YU-XIANG, DUAN,QI-RUI, CHANG,ZUO-LIN contact with Dr. Sun by telegram and ask to bound for the northern area for consulting the strategy of peace and unification .Dr. Sun bounded for the northern on Nov. 13, he announced a “Northern bounding declaration and proposed to convene a national congress and abolish the unequal treaty, hoping to arouse the public and employ the military power to complete the nation independence undertaking as well as realizing the goals of freedom and independence and unification of nation.
Dr. Sun went through Hong Kong, Shanghai and returned to Japan, where he made a speech of “the greater -Asia doctrine” at Kobe girl’s junior school. Dr. Sun expressed that Asia races should be based on the western culture and combine with material civilization –which is the philosophy and spirit of the greater “the greater -Asia doctrine”” It the end, Dr. Sun shared sincere words and earnest wishes with Japanese people:” Since you Japanese nationality has acquired Hegemonism and -Asia doctrine benevolent rule main castle concurrently, whether you will keep being the eagle and dog under Western Hegemonism or the main castle under Asia doctrine benevolent rule, it all depends on your nations wise and sensible decision.. Later on, Dr. Sun kept making speech on the welcome party in the Eastern hotel “Japan should help China to abolish unequal Treaty” was his last speech.
On December 4, Dr. Sun arrived in Tainjin, receiving warming welcome from the northern .The weather was extremely cool, Dr. Sun had liver pain and suffered by chill. Dr. Sun recuperated in Tianjin for a while and on 31th, left for Beijin with his wife Song Chin-Lin and Wang, Zhou-Min, and receiving a warming welcome from over 100 thousand citizens. Dr. Sun declared Entering Beijing declaration and written speech. He called the common as the master of the republic of China: “Everyone comes for here not for post and not for right but for save the nation for the common.”
Though Dr. Sun was suffered from pains, but he still endured the paining to handle the political affairs and meet gests and stuck with to open national congress for solving the affair of the republic as soon as possible for the real peace and unification. Nevertheless, DUAN, Qi-Rui supported by the northern warlords and organized authorized government on his own. By a high different opinions with Dr. Sun, he planned to hold solution congress. On January 1925, as the situation of Dr. Sun’s disease turned worsen, he was sent a Bejin Medical alliance to receive a sever surgery, as he suffered from lancer (the last phase of liver cancer by original material, but actually is actually is gallbladder adenocarcinoma) and he moved to GU, Wei-Jun house in Tieshizi Hutong on 18th February, miserably he passed away on 12th March, putting in the coffin on 15th and moved to Beiji Center park on 19th, the common who follows with his body and expressed their mourning to the dead over 100 thousand people and on 2nd April, the coffin was turned to Biyun Temple Seizan, Bejing. On 16th, Xiangshan County was changed to the name of Chungshan county as well as Yo-fong vessel to Chung Shan vessel by Guangdong Province for the eternal memorization.
Till July of 1928, the northern expedition completed, the nation was unified, the nationalist government stipulated Nanjin as capital and changed to Peiping from Beijin, followed with Dr. Sun’s last wishes, Dr. Sun was schemed to lay to Tzu-chin Mountain Nanjing for rest forever. On May 26, 1929, Dr. Sun’s coffin was move from Tzu-chin Mountain and arrived in Nanjin on 28th.
There set up a mourning hall for the public in the headquarter of the Chinese nationalist party and accepting mornings form every society overseas and domestically for three days. It finished the inter work on June 1 in Chung-shan foothill, Tzu-chin Mountain. On April 1, 1940, the national government commended Dr. Sun, Yat-sen “Advocating civil revolution reforming regime, building up the eternal national foundation, founded the national, pursuing for the union of the world, How splendid achievements spread for the ages!!As a nation of the republic of China, take our highly respect to him, the fater of the republic-Dr. Sun, Yat-sen”
The father of the republic of China
The anthology of essays of the 2nd academic seminar of Dr.Sun, Yat-sen and Modern Chinese”
P 391~392
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| The contents and pictures above extracted from Chronology of Dr. Sun Yat-sen |
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